Back to: Item Details
DSSM Item Details
1۔ Paint
The Medium
Acrylic paint: dries fast; it works very well for large projects, not as durable for trim or cabinets.
Oil-based Products: perfect for trim and cabinets
Urethane paint: drys fast and resist chipping
Sheen Type
Flat: most common, easiest to use, touchup is easy, non-glare, but soils easily, very porous.
Eggshell: low sheen, more cleanable than flat,
Pearl: more sheen, more durable, but less than semi-gloss.
Semi-gloss: reflective sheen, long-lasting, used on doors, woodwork, cabinets.
High-gloss: very durable, very cleanable, high shine
Chemical make up
VOCs: oil products have high VOCs; latex products do not have VOCs
Choosing Color
Hues look different based on items adjacent to or within the view. Light from the window or a lamp can change the look of the shade in the room, and colors can look different in different rooms.
Sample: large samples or better than small samples. Try to use a 2 ft. x 2 ft. sample area.
Dry time: latex paint may take several hours to dry, and oil paint may take 24 hours to dry thoroughly.
Light: Colors will look different and more light than in a dark room area.
Surrounding Surfaces: contrast is essential when using rich hues. The space will balance if you have a white ceiling and white woodwork in light-colored furniture. Using paint with a little gray tone may be what you need.
Decorative Finishes
Stenciling: using a pattern to create an image on the wall
Murals: painting a scene, illustration, or lettering on a wall
Scenic painting: painting a scene on the wall
Metal leaf: adding metal fleck to paint
Venetian plaster: adding texture and paint to a surface
Strie: using the brush to create lines in the paint with glazing
Glazing: adding a stain or paint to the paint’s surface, then wiping off most of the stain with a rag.
Ragging: painting with a rag and glaze for texture
Stippling: paint using dots, not strokes with a brush
Marbleizing: drawing lines in different paint colors and then blending with a sponge or brush
Sponging: painting then rubbing with a sponge for texture
Lacquer: smooth and high gloss finish
Paint Installation Requirements
Common surfaces: drywall, plaster, plywood, concrete, metal, wallpaper,
Labor: time to cut in around items on wall or surface, then brush or roll entire surface to blend in
Paint: latex, oil base, epoxy base
Surface preparation: clean and dry, and smooth
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2 .Molding / Paneling / Cabinets
Three essential building components:
Moldings, Paneling, Cabinets
A. Molding
Base molding: used to finish the bottom of the walls
Crown Molding: used to complete the top of the walls
Case molding: used to finish the outside of doors and windows
Molding composition:
Wood: natural wood
PVC: plastic
Foam: plastic
Composite wood: wood particles
Creating space elements with combinations of materials:
Windows trim: around the window frame
Doors trim: around the edge of the door
Wall trim: on the wall
Cabinets trim: using combinations of dimension lumber or paneling and trim
Fireplace trim: using combinations of dimension lumber or paneling and trim
Stairways trim: using combinations of dimension lumber or paneling and trim
Columns trim: using combinations of dimension lumber or paneling and trim
Beams trim: using combinations of dimension lumber or paneling and trim
Types of molding:
Standing trim: vertical
Running trim: horizontal
Shoe molding: floor
Ogees: Wall
Noses: Wall
Back bands: Wall
Capital moldings: columns
B. Paneling
Sheet paneling: usually 4×8 sheets 1/8 – 1/4 thick
Custom: panels or planks by a shop
Adding moldings: around the edge for a completed look
C. Cabinets
Cabinets are a combination of:
Shelves: inside cabinets and floating
Drawers: visible and behind doors
Doors: sliding or on hinges
Purchase methods:
Stock: ( as is )fabricated in a factory in sizes, styles, qualities, wood types, and finishes
Semi-custom: (custom) more variety of fabrication in a factory in sizes, styles, grades, wood types, and finishes
Custom: (unlimited styling) fabricated in a factory in limited sizes, styles, qualities, wood types, and finishes
Extra molding: can be added to any cabinet for that custom look.
Key Dimensions:
Standard wall cabinet depth: 12 inches
Standard wall cabinet height: 12-48 inches
Standard wall cabinet with 3-inch increments
Vanity base unit depth: 20 inches
Standard base unit depth: 24 inches
Standard base unit height: 30 to 36 inches
Shelving: a three-quarter inch thick by 36 inches wide
Design Ideas:
Use the same style of moldings throughout the space/room and house
Use the same finish (paint or stain) in the space/room
Material Choices:
a. Solid wood
Considerations:
Moisture: in the air or on the floor
Finish: paint or polyurethane
Grain character: smooth or rough
Wood grain type and sawing:
Open-grain: wood has an obvious pattern
Closed-grain: uniform and less visible grain
Wood sawing methods: rift, quarter and plain-sawn
b. Composite Wood
Finger-jointed wood: small pieces of wood are glued together to form a stick
Plastics: PVC plastic is used for moisture areas
c. Veneer
Slip matching: creating a repeat pattern by placing subsequent panels side by side
Book matching: creating a mirror image repeating pattern by reversing every other panel
Random matching: very good pattern
Diamond matching: creating a titular pattern by puzzling matching panels together
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3. Architectural Elements
Apertures:
Windows, doors, skylights, and other openings have several functions and design characteristics.
For functional reasons, these items provide:
- Security for the home.
- Allowing sunlight and fresh air in the space.
- Aiding movement through the space.
1A. Doors
Material: metal, wood, and glass. Solid and hollow-core.
Size: widths of 28-36 inches.Height of 82-96 inches. 1-2 inches thick.
Finish: unstained and solid stained wood, painted, laminate, plastic veneer.
Operation: folding, swinging, sliding
Fire Rating: possible on the garage, utilities, and outside
Hardware: pulls, levers, handles, locks
Door Detail:
Transom: a window space that is above the door
Cornice Block: decorative block above the jambs
Door: flush, panel glass louver, barn, screen, french
Jamb: door stop on either side of the door open
Casing: an enclosing frame, especially around a door opening
Saddle: trim under the door
Plinth Block: trim under the jamb
Door Production Styles:
Integral panels: stile with rail joint paneled doors
Applies panels: panel glued together
Glass: all glass doors or glass-paneled doors
Louvers: panels can be opened or fixed indoors
Flush: smooth flat door
Screen: screen attached to the door frame
French: 2 doors used in one opening
Barn: sliding door rail at the top of the door
1B. Windows
Material: wood, aluminum, steel, laminate, fiberglass, vinyl
Size: small to large picture windows
Finish: unstained and solid stained wood, painted, laminate, plastic veneer.
Operation: sliding, casement, single/double hung, pivot, hopper, fixed, bay
Fire Rating: metal or wood
Hardware: pulls, levers, handles, locks
Window Details:
Interior casing: would around the frame of the window
Upper sash: top edge of a window
Lower Sash: bottom frame of the window
Mullion: Frame between the window panels
Pane: the glass lit
Sill: the bottom edge of the window
Apron: trim below the sill
Window Production Styles:
Sliding or bypass: door slides on the top rail
Casement: the door is open with a crank
Double hung: each window can slide up and down
Pivot: window opens on a steel pole
Jalousie: multiple glass panel windows that crank open
Hopper: hinged at the top or bottom
Fixed: window not able to be open
Double casement: two windows that crank open
Bay: a window that bows out
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4. Staircases/Stairway
Stairway Details:
Handrail Baluster: top Rail of the stairway
Baluster: vertical rail or spindle in the stairway
Stringer: wood enclosure at the side of the steps
Newell Post: a firm post that the rails attached to
Newel; the decoration on top of the post
Nosing: the front part of a trip
Tread: the horizontal panel that is walked on
Riser: vertical panel under the tread
Landing: a platform between two flights of steps
Headroom clearance: 7 to 8 ft above newel
Stairway Types:
Straight Run: stairway is just straight down
Angled (or winder): a stairway that turns to the right or left but has angled steps at the turn
Switch back: a stairway that changes to go the other direction down
L-shaped: stairway turns to the right or left
Curved: stairway there turns as it goes down
Spiral: stairway with steps attached to a center post
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5. Fireplace
Fireplace Details:
Facing: the front of a firebox, usually brick or tile
Firebox: the area where the actual fire takes place
Hearth: the area beneath the firebox generally is stone or brick
Shelf: the top part of the fireplace for accessories
Mantel: the box above the firebox to give height for the shelf
Flue: the opening that lets the smoke out of the firebox
Fireplace Styles:
Wood-burning: wooden logs
Gas-fueled: gas or propane
Zero clearance: Metal firebox for wood or gas
Free-standing: fireplace away from the wall has an architectural item
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6. Hardware
Hardware Project Details:
(when ordering hardware, it’s essential to have all this information )
Each item: Manufacturer, Details of the style, Item number, Finish, Operation, Where to be installed
A. Cabinet Hardware
Cabinet Hardware:
Handles: Metal or wood, or glass
Pulls: Metal or wood, or glass
Knobs: Metal or wood, or glass
Hinges: metal
Catches: metal
Locks: metal
B. Architectural Hardware
Door Hardware:
Door knobs: an assembly that sends a metal rod into the door jamb to hold the door closed
Handles: an assembly that sends a metal rod into the door jamb to hold the door closed
Pulls: an attached u-shaped item to open open
Levers: an assembly that sends a metal rod into the door jamb to hold the door closed
Pocket door hardware: door on a top rail
Backplates: metal panels at the bottom of the door
Key plates: Metal panels around the keyhole
Rosettes: a metal or would ornament
Escutcheons: a metal or would ornament
Handle sets: a collection of different locking devices
Locks: Metal device to lock the door
Turns: Metal device to close the door
Bolts: Metal device to lock the door
Latches: Metal device to lock the door
Keys: Metal device to unlock the door
Hinges: Metal machine w
Door knockers: Metal device hinged to make noise on the door
Peephole: Little glass whole in the door to see through
Doorstop: Metal or Wooden vertical strip to holt the door from opening any further
Window Hardware:
Latches: Metal device to secure door
Levers: Metal device to secure door
Misc. Hardware:
HVAC grills: Metal or wooden bars to restrict access to air vents
Switch plates: plastic metal or wooden panels to protect wiring
Outlet plates: plastic metal or wooden panels to protect wiring
Carpet rods: Metal or would rods to fasten to steps to secure the carpet from moving
Artwork picture rods: rods that are secured to the wall to hold up pictures
Drapery hardware: Metal items are used to display and add function to drapery
Drapery rods: Metal or wood and rods that the drapery panels hang on
Drapery finals: a crowning ornament
Drapery tiebacks: items used two secure drapery open
Closet Interior Hardware and Accessories:
Clothes polls: Metal or wood Rods to hang clothes on in a closet
Clothes mounts; item to secure the clothes pole
Hooks: the metal or wood things to hang clothes on
Accessory racks: holders two-place items in
Hardware Design Considerations:
Style: style should match just rounding interior
Material: solid brass, steel, aluminum, porcelain, glass, stone
Finish: brass, bronze, chrome, copper, gold, nickel, silver, stainless steel
Sizing: select hardware for the proper size of the room and architectural elements
Operation: select correct wait to open the door left or right-handed
Door Handedness:
Left-hand: standing in front go the door, door swings away, hinged on my left side in the next space
Left-hand reverse: standing in front go the door, door swings to me, hinged on my left side in my space
Right-hand: standing in front go the door, door swings away, hinged on my right side in the next space
Right-hand reverse: standing in front go the door, door swings to me, hinged on my right side in my space
Hardware Installations Guidelines:
Budget: the cost of new hardware can be expensive
Drawings: add drawings to the construction plans
Lead times: sometimes 2 to 4 months for production
Delivery: try to schedule delivery prior to installation
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7. Lampshades
How to plan a nightshade
Height: should be half the size of the base. Base 40 inches/ Shade should be 20 inches or slightly less
Diameter: should be about the same diameter as the height of the base. Base 40/ shade 40-2 inches
Lamp details
Base: The lighting element base attaches to the lamp body.
Top diameter: the dimension of the top of the shade
Height: The length of the shade
Final: the screw that tightens the shade to the harp
Harp: Vertical shade support and shade attachment into the socket
Shade: the fabric covering the bulb
Bulb: Provide the light
Assembly: switch
Bottom diameter: Base of the base
Shade shapes
Shapes: bell, drum, cone, hexagon, square, empire
Peat Styles: smocking, flat pleat, shirring, flat pleat with cuff, open box pleat with space, opaque Box pleat with Space Custom Lampshades_ various shapes and sizes
Lamp Design Considerations
Shape: bell, drum, cone, hexagon, square, empire
Soft vs. Hardback: laminated for a more contemporary look or hand-sewed for the traditional look
Material: paper, cotton, silk, burlap,
Translucency: translucent needs or accent and mood lighting require a more glow for work and reading.
Decorative Trim: piping, ruffles, fringe, tape, gimp, beads, and ribbon
Pleating: smocking, flat pleat, shirring, flat pleat with cuff, Open box pleat with space, opaque box pleat with Space
Types of Connections: spider, clip-on
Finial: a screw with a metal ball or wood ball
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8. Flooring
3 Choices:
Hard flooring, Resilient flooring, Soft Flooring
Wood Floors:
Construction
Solid: all wood / I know plywood
Engineered: plywood with a finished top
Solid vs. Engineered: solid wood where there is no moisture, engineered wood if moisture
Species
Oak: not very hard
Maple: is not very hard
Ash: not very hard
Walnut: hard
Mahogany: hard
Bamboo: hard
Pine: soft
Fir: soft
Format
Strip: small widths of wood 1-2 1//4 inches
Plank: medium to large widths of wood 2 1/4-9 inches
Parquet: Square wood patterns 12, 16, 24
Finishes and sealants
Natural-no stain or sealer: rough texture
Stain and sealer: water-based or oil-based
Polyurethane or Varnish: clear water-based or oil-base
Wood Treatment Finish
Features/Benefits/Challenges
Modified urethane: Resistant to moisture, Hard, Quick-drying, yellows, Dry in 8-24 hours
Water-based urethane: Clear, Won’t yellow, Quick-drying 2-6 hours, Costly
Moisture-cured urethane: Very durable and resistant to moisture, Won’t yellow, Order, Need to be professionally applied, Commercial use
Varnish Oil base: used very little anymore,
Penetrating Stain: Sealed and color, Semi-color, Limited colors
Paste wax: Applied over wood, Easy to use, Very inexpensive, Quick dry, Wears well, Must be buffed regularly
Paint: Very durable, Accessible to touch-up or re-coat, Covers the grain
Bleached: Removing oil from the wood for the consistent look of the grains, Must be applied by experienced people; oil may come back to the wood over time.
Limed: applying a white substance over a stained floor, removing the excess substances, and sealing the floor with wax works very well on open grain woods.
Ceramic / Porcelain Tile
Types of Ceramic Materials
Terra-cotta: baked earth, reddish color, strong, waterproof
White clay: allows for decoration
Red clay: not durable, crack easily
Quarry tile_ full body, color though entire tile, extremely durable
Porcelain: super strong
Finish
Glazed: shiny and slippery
Un-glazed: dull, not slippery
Anti-slip treatment: etch’s tile
Format
Small tile: 1×1 and 2×2 inch square,
medium tile: 3×3, 8×8
Large Tile: 12×12, 36×36, 48×48
Grout
Grout thickness: 1/8-1/4 or more
No grout installations: butt tile together with no or little spacing
Sealer: clear liquid installation
Glass tile
Colors: many colors
Size: all sizes
Low Traffic: scratches easily and chips easily
Stone Tile
Durability: very durable
Format: many sizes
Color: many colors
Concrete
Application: poured or block
Color: grey or stained
Texture: smooth or textured
Sealer: requires a sealer
Stone Flooring
Visual/Benefits/Challenges
Marble: Solid colors plus black and white, Smooth colors with veins, Stainable, scratches easily, low traffic areas
Travertine: Beige or tan hue, Durable, Stainable, needs sealing,
Granite: Many different colors, Durable, No solid colors,
Flagstone: Bluestone, Neutral color from gray to red-gray to green-blue gray, Durable and outside, Few colors and no butt-joints
Limestone: Pastel colors, Good colors, Stainable, cleaning problems, low traffic
Slate: many colors, Inexpensive, Breakable, not smooth
Quartzite: White, Durable, Costly
Schist: Gray, Durable, Good for wet areas
3) Resilient
Cork: a sustainable material, unstained or pre-stained, neutrals to bold colors, tiles, and planks provide sound and thermal insulation, thwarts mold and mildew growth, crush resistant, should be waxed every 6 to 12 months, re-sealed every five years.
Vinyl: durability, low cost, ease of maintenance, not affected by water, non-porous, the efficiency of the installation, six or 12-foot wide material, 12 x 12 tiles or available, low VOC.
Rubber: very durable, some cushion, tiles or sheets or trim, base molding, stairway treads,
Leather: comes from thick saddle leather, expensive, cushiony, sound absorbent, beautiful patina to a room, aroma, darkens over time, requires regular waxing.
Linoleum: from linseed oil and other additives, sustainable, biodegradable, antimicrobial, non-allergenic, water resistant, comes in sheets, won’t crack over on even floors, flexible.
Flooring Installation Requirements
Tile
Floor installation: all tiles can be installed over smooth concrete or plywood if the seams are patched smooth. Underlayment may be needed over wood floors,
Wall Installation: all tiles can be glued to the walls
Wood
Nailed Installation: over wood floors
Floated installation: over concrete and wood floors
Glued Installation: over concrete and wood floors
Resilient
Adhesive: overall floors
Sub-surface preparation: smooth and dry is very important
Flooring samples and purchase
Variation from Quarries and Mills: must mix tiles and planks because the shading
No variation from Manufacturer: vinyl flooring it’s a manufactured product
Dye lots: essential to get the same dye lot for your project for all items
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9. Wallcovering
It effectively brings color, texture, pattern, narrative, scale, and architectural interest to a room. It reinforces the design concepts, adds a layer of finish, and emphasizes sensitive enclosure.
Surfaces to cover
Four walls: usually applied to all four walls
Accent wall: a unique focal point; it can be just a different painted wall or have a different wall covering items on the wall or paintings.
Focal wall: creating character and interest for viewing using wallpaper
Niche wall: adding specialized items, pictures, photographs, art pieces, or figurines to the wall using background wallpaper
In an alcove; adding specialized items, images, photos, art pieces, or figurines to the wall, you see a background wallpaper
Wainscoting: a room is divided in half horizontally, then paint or wallpaper can be used above or below the wall divider
Ceiling; applying wallpaper to the ceiling
Folding screen: applying wallpaper to the flat surface of the screen
Back of a bookcase: using wallpaper on the back of a bookcase
Back of built-in shelving: Applied wallpaper to the back of the shelving
Faux headboard; applying wallpaper to create a headboard on the wall
Paper: a paper product that comes in rolls and is pasted to the wall surface or ceilings. The paper is silk screen printed, hand printed, or digitally printed. Paper, it’s incredibly delicate, and it tears easily. Washable wallpaper has the surface covered with a coating of latex or polyvinyl chloride, making the paper very easy to wash and remove.
Vinyl: are washable and durable, and some are highly textured to hide I am perfect walls. Vinyl papers or often used to simulate silk, linen, paper, and grasscloth. The whole roll of material can be used without trimming the edge of the vinyl.
Scenic: images displayed on the wall, using multiple printed strips of paper/vinyl installed side-by-side to create the image.
Grass cloth: is a complex framework with all-natural materials. The materials are woven together using cotton thread and seagrass strands, which are then fastened to a lightweight back of the grasscloth—a long process of weaving natural fibers together.
Paper-back textiles: Wallpaper backing is a non-woven material applied to the back of fabrics to make them suitable for wall coverings. This adds body stability and makes the fabric easier to work with when cutting and pasting onto a wall.
Fabric: Knit backing is permanently bonded to the back of fabrics, adding body, resiliency, and durability while eliminating seam slippage. This backing makes lightweight fabrics such as silks, pieces of cotton, and chenille more suitable for upholstery use. These include silks, velvets, polys, bits of cotton, plaids, stripes,
Specialty: Stain protection technologies make it easier to keep the upholsteries, draperies, and delicate fabrics looking fresh and clean, protecting them from the soil, stains, and spills. New processes do not impact the fabric’s weight, look, feel, or color.
Natural fiber fabrics exposed to sunlight will fade over time. Ultraviolet treatments will minimize the effects of the sun by blocking ultra-violet rays, prolonging the use, and increasing the colorfastness of the fabric.
Exotic: almost any natural grown product can be backed with paper or fabric lining, then dyed that installed.
Upholstered: similar to installing carpet, attach a wood frame around the wall to be installed, then batting/pad in the middle, then stretch to install with the staple gun, trimming the border edges with a knife, then completing finishing the process with decorative tape, ribbon or piping.
Wallpaper design considerations:
Aesthetics: the color, the style, the texture
Function: to add character, to cover a wall
Who uses the room: adults, children, work, entertainment
Formal or informal: smooth, clean lines, symmetrical or textured, curved, wavy lines.
Exposed surfaces or corners: hands can touch, or bodies can bump into the surface
Atmosphere: formality, welcome, closeness, softness, intimacy, boldness
Proportions: visual modification of the space with wallpaper
Architectural features: added to and supporting the features
Treatment emphasis: enhancing the space
Bold or neutral: small rooms could use a bold pattern, and areas for artwork may choose a neutral pattern
Pattern size: if you have large pattern furniture, then small print for the walls
Choosing the Right Wallpaper
Desired Outcome_Considerations/Challenges:
1- Pattern Regularity, Digitally printed, Natural materials
2- Color Consistency, Vinyl, Natural materials
3- Imperfect walls, Textured or embossed pattern, Fine smooth
4- Eco-friendly, Natural fibers-Grass cloth, cork, water-based ink colors, Vinyl
5- Children spaces, Washable, fine smooth
6- Acoustical Issues, Cork, upholstery, textured
7- Durable and washable, Vinyl, Grasscloth to textile
Wallpaper installation Issues:
Seams: depending on the paper seems may be invisible, but they have to be secured to the wall
The focal point of pattern: consideration should be made if the pattern has a large pattern; care to start the pattern at the ceiling or centered on the wall.
Wall prep: smooth, clean, wall
Wall liner: to cover textural imperfections in the wall, cover any cracks, protect from discoloration, and aid in the removal process.
Hiding seams: double cutting seems will help,
Ordering material: number of wall panels needed width-wise, add the length of the pattern match to each panel plus 10%
Dye lots: order the amount for each room with the same dye lot
Wallpaper Widths and Issues:
Type_ Width of Roll/Issues
Paper English made: 22 inches, Easy to tear when wet
Paper French made: 18 to 22 inches; easy to pull when wet
Washable paper American made: 36 inches or 21 and 27, Large pattern of repeats, not available
Printed paper hand or block:18 to 36 inches
Linen and grasscloth: 36 inches or 21 and 27, stained easily
Commercial vinyl: 51 or 54 inches, commercial feeling
Fabric paperback: The width of the fabric bulk, cleaning problems
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10. Fabrics and Textiles
Fabrics are a way to add a soft touch to the hard-edged elements of the interior setting.
For accessories seating, to soften floors, soften tabletops, soften bedrooms, and cover windows, there are throw pillows, area rugs, and fabric shades.
Window Treatment draperies, valances, curtains
Wall Treatments: fabric, grasscloth
Upholstered Furniture: sofa, loveseat, sectional, chair, recliner, ottoman, theater seating,
Cushions: pillow, throw, chaise, chairs
Tablecloths: fitted, round, 4’ runner, 6’ runner, 8’ runner
Bedspreads: candlewick, quilted, knitted, Indian, throw, reversible
Bed skirts: linen, chenille, faux suede, taffeta
Rugs: hand-knotted, hand-tufted, flatware, handloom, machine-made, hooked, hide, braided
Fiber Type
Natural: wool, cotton, silk, linen, leather, mohair, bamboo
Synthetic: nylon, polyester, rayon, vinyl, acrylic
Hybrids: Viscose, bamboo rayon, bamboo viscose
Textile Fibers
Natural and Hybrid Fibers
Positive Characteristic/Negative Characteristic
Wool: Flame-resistant, Wrinkling, abrasion, and spoiling resistant, Twist or crimp naturally, Wear-resistant, Good for Rugs; moths can damage, Not smooth, Dull colors.
Cotton: Low cost, Durable, Smooth, Cleans easy, Allows air flow, Wrinkles, and Holds water.
Silk: See-through fabric, Pleasurable, Strong construction, Hangs straight, Beautiful hues, Moths can damage, Sun can rot, Soils easily
Linen: Good construction, Satisfactory texture, No lint, Small lump texture, Lacks residency, Holds water
Leather: Fold without creases, Ages beautifully, Pleasant scent
Mohair: More pleasing than wool, Dye’s well, More costly than wool, Not smooth
Viscose/Bamboo-Rayon/Bamboo-Viscose: Soft touch, Body, Hangs nicely, Stretches easily, Absorbs dirt
Textile Fibers
Synthetic Fibers/Positive Characteristic/Negative Characteristic
Acrylic: Similar to natural fibers, Outdoor use, Good wearing fabric, Not rough feeling, Doesn’t feel good, Not very durable
Nylon: Durable, Insect resistant, Does wrinkle, Static
Polyester: Low cost, Sunlight resistant, Durable, Insect resistant, Does wrinkle, Hard to clean, Static, Come off in flakes
Rayon: See-through, Durable, Wrinkles, Water weaken the fabric
Vinyl: Faux Leather, Microsuede, Low cost, Stain proof, Washable, Traps moisture, Uneven colors
Yarn properties:
Length: fabrics that pill and shed generally have shorter fiber. Fibers are short with natural fibers.
Elasticity: Fibers that stretch without snapping.
Luster: Smoothness is based on the level of light reflectance. Short fibers can be polished after weaving.
Strength: The greater the strength of the yard by longer fibers. Natural fibers are short, while synthetic fibers are long.
Flammability: Wool is naturally fire resistant, and synthetic fibers are flammable and must be treated.
Resistance to sunlight: Disintegration and color fading are less for synthetic fibers.
Textiles are made:
- The primary material, fiber, is extruded into a filament or spun into yarn.
- Cloth is constructed from yarn (woven, knitted, felted, etc.).
- Greige goods (the unprocessed cloth) are dyed in color or printed with a pattern (sometimes both).
- Polishing/embossing or backing is then added to the new fabric.
Construction of Fabric:
Textiles: Weaving, knitting, or knotting yarns together by punching the fibers into backing by human hand or machine is how fabrics are made.
Textiles: Woven textiles are made on a loom with vertical and horizontal motion.
Weft direction: essential. Extra weft yarns for decorative effect. Few fabrics are reversible.
Thread count: more yarns per inch is essential.
Textiles finishing treatment:
Backings: are applied to the back side of fabrics.
Paper: bonding paper to the back of the fabric for wall covering
Knit: stabilizes the material for use as upholstery by preventing sagging and strengthening the seams.
Front treatments: applied to the face or front of the fabric
Chintz: makes shiner and more resistant t dirt.
Calendaring: pressed with hot rollers to make it flatter.
Moire:m pressed with hot rollers with ribs for a wavy effect.
Embossing: pressed with a hot plate or rollers for the pattern.
Embroidery: needlework applied to the fabric.
Quilting: Polyester is bonded and then topstitched to a pattern.
Laminating: vinyl or plastic is bonded to the back of the fabric.
Chemical Treatment_
Applied: over fabric to make stain-repellent, water-resistant; easier to clean.
Leather Hide:
Sold: by the square foot but must purchase a half or full hide. High waste factor.
Types of leather:
*Full-grain: leather is natural
*Top grain:has some corrections
*Split leather: is the center of the hide
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11. Furniture and Upholstery
Basic categories of furniture
Tables
Coffee table: placed in front of a sofa or two chairs to support decorating of objects, books and magazines, drinking coasters, and snack food.
Side table: place beside sofa or chair, to support a lamp, reading items, arts, decor items.
Console: placed behind a sofa, down a hallway with a mirror or painting above, or positioned in an entry or foyer to set mail, keys, or decor items on.
Demilune: place near a fireplace, a doorway, or other focal points. The half-round curved edge is space efficient in tight areas.
Dining table: placed in the dining room or eating area. Used for meals, homework, or bookwork.
Library table: placed as a focal point. Chairs or ottomans can be placed on either/both sides. The table can hold a floral display, stack the books, a shawl, or decor art.
Case Goods
Desk: placed against the wall or away from a wall. Use was doing business, homework, or conversation.
Bookcase: placed against the wall and used for books, a collection of items, art, or souvenirs.
Storage cabinet: placed against the wall. Storage for office, memorabilia, children’s, or work items.
Seating
Dining chair: place host chairs with arms at the head and foot of the table. Place chairs without arms along the sides of the table.
Bench: placed at the side of a table, hearth, or the end of a bed. Used to identify items on or to replace several chairs to sit on.
Sofa: placed against the wall or backed to the walkway. It can be used for sitting for 2-3 people. Used for formal and informal settings.
Loveseat: placed in small spaces. Upholstered sofa for two people.
Settee: placed as a focal item. The seating has a finished frame, minimal upholstery, and a small scale.
Club: placed for comfortable sitting. The upholstered chair is suitable for conversational settings. Two chairs are placed for a conversation and one chair by itself for reading.
Occasional chair: a place for a movable chair. A lightweight chair with an exposed frame that could be moved easily.
Slipper chair: a place for conversation or reading. A lightweight chair, armless and fully upholstered.
Desk chair: placed as a work chair. Comfortable seat with supportive arms and back.
Ottoman: placed as a footrest or coffee table. An upholstery item is square, round, or rectangle.
Footstool: placed near a chair or in front of a chair. Used as a footrest or extra seating.
Pouf: placed as a chair or footstool. A large upholstery item could have a backrest.
Upholstery Seating
Upholstered pieces are the main items of the seating area and should be scaled appropriately: to the space, to the primary user, and the use of the room.
Frame
To create a suitable frame: construct with dowels and glue and screws, corner-blocked and reinforced to maintain structural integrity.
Material: Maple is the best for finding furniture, but lesser hardwoods are used—Oak, mahogany, and walnut.
Shape: the frame determines the size of the finished item.
Exposure: the Frame can be partially exposed or fully exposed.
Arms
Extension: the distance the extension is from the vertical back.
Relationship to the front plan of Sofa: flush or set-back from the front of the sofa
Shape: round, straight, curved, sloping, panel fronted or high or low
Style: pleaded slope, English arm with cushion, track arm, sock arm, track arm with square, panel arm
Welting/piping: special cord or same as upholstery fabric or contrasting
Outside Back
Usually the same as the front, but a complementary or contrasting fabric can be used.
Shape: straight, angled, flared, or curved to the arms
Skirted: around the whole base or just on the front and two sides
Inside Back and Back Cushions
Tight back: maybe tufted, button-tufted, or have vertical channels. A firm back is a tight back.
Loose cushions: not attached to the frame; the back cushions rise 3-5 inches above the outside back.
Semi-attached: sewn into place, the back cushions appear to be loose
Pillow back: a layered effect, with many cushions arranged along the back.
Upper Edge Shape
Straight: the height of the back pillows falls below their height
Extra size: up to 36 plus, creating shelter and enclosure
Camelback: the middle is curved and slopes down on the sides
Skirt Style
Pleated: regular pleats are formed fabric that can be small to large. Accent the crease with a button, bow, or passementerie.
Dressmaker: same as a kick pleat, but it is under the seat cushion
Fringe: can be played over a skirt
Tight: a smooth style
Gathered: Feminine and traditional gathered fabric
Seat Support
Eight-way: hand-tied springs tied in eight different ways
Sinuous: consists of heavy-gauge steel wires formed in continuous, vertical S-shaped coils
Web suspension: consists of coils mounted on a metal frame, which is then added to the furniture as a single piece
Feet/Legs/Base
Material: exposed wood, metal, upholstered wood, can have metal toes, casters, and gliders.
Style: modern and contemporary have simple straight feet.
Block: 4 inches tall 4×4 wide
Tapered: straight a top 2.5 inched to 1 inch
Upholstery: 4×4 block covered
Bun foot: round ball 4×4
Carved: 4 inches carved
Fill/Stuffing
Firm cushion: high-density polyethylene wrapped in poly-macron or cotton
Softer pillow: mix with down and feathers from waterfowl. usually 80% down and 20% feathers
Luxury: high-density polyethylene covered in 80% down and 20% feathers
Springs: wrapped in high-density foam
Chair details:
Back coil: and webbing_Coil is tied to fabric; Web suspension is a design that creates a sofa cushion support similar to a hammock.
Kiln-dried wood frame: oak, maple, cherry walnut; stronger and better suited
Webbing is woven underneath: a design that creates a sofa cushion support similar to a hammock.
Stuffing: cotton batting, wool batting, animal hair, feather
Upholstery cover: natural fiber, synthetic fiber,
Welt: simply a fabric-covered cord that follows the seam of a chair cushion, sofa cushion, or pillow
Dacron-wrapped Down and feather: used to wrap cushions to create a sharper and fulfilled appearance.
Foam: charcoal, closed cell, dry fast, high density, high resilience, latex, lux, memory, polyurethane, rebond
Edge roll: It goes around the front edge of a chair or sofa to soften the wood edge of the frame
Muslin: is a weightless cotton material that generally comes bleached or un-dyed//
Coiled springs: Drop-in coils are coils mounted on a metal frame added to the furniture as a single piece
Embellishments, Trim, Buttons, Nails
Passementerie: developed to hide seams
Trim: made from yardage
Braid: ribbon-like flat 1-4 inches
Cording: twisted yard with or without flange
Fringe: hanging cords or threads
Gallon: ribbon-like trim made of gold, silver, silk, or a combination
Gimp: nailed or glued the frame on upholstery
Roche: looped or sewn into a flange are twisted yards
Tape/ border: to cover edges and seams, a flat banding is used
Tassel: tying yarns and cords together to dangle
Accessories
Rosette and button: ornament to look like a rose with a tassel in the middle
Frog: ornamental braiding with three loops resembling a cloverleaf
Key tassel: a tassel including a cord loop
Tieback: a cord to tieback drapery
Chair tie: tie back a seat cushion
Loose Pillow
Shape: Ruffle flange square, Turkish cornier square, knife edge rectangular, specialty rectangular, gathered Turkish corner rectangular, Turkish end cylinder, Ball shape.
Color: many
Pattern: pieced and quilted
Corner Treatments: Knife edge, gathered, Turkish corners
Edge Treatment: Decorative cording, welting, fringe, flange, ruffles
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12. Window Treatment
Create a Design Component
The windows from the outside of a house present a building’s facade with a sensitive scale, hierarchy and rhythm. The windows offer a space/room purpose and character from inside the house.
Displaying DESIGN characteristics by:
Creates an emphasis on the windows
Adding the illusion of height to windows
Corrects any space proportions
Frame an appealing item or fixes a problem
Adds to a decorative scheme with color, texture, pattern, and details
Displaying Functional characteristics by:
Provides privacy
Aids in reducing the glare of daylight and streetlights
Reduces sound
Helps with heating and cooling
Aids with energy efficiency
Window Treatment Controls
Treatment:
Drapes: Light Control, Thermal Control, Energy Control, Sound control
Shades: Light Control, Thermal Control, Energy Control, Sound control
Blinds: Light Control, Thermal Control
Shutters: Light Control
A.Draperies
Fabric: is hung from a wall-mounted rod or a track—a unique mixture of structure and softness. The look can be crisp and folded or loose and billowing—a strong architectural statement with vertical panels and a combination of color and pattern.
Fabric type: the pattern, weave structure, and dimensional stability will tell: what style of drapery can be created, what lining will be necessary to add body, volume, and sun protection, and what pleating and heading type is appropriate.
Pattern: when the drapery is tight, pleats or folds are billowing, and there must be a consideration for repeat, scale, and how the pattern will appear. It’s essential to figure out how the motif should be positioned when choosing a top treatment: offset or centered. At the leading edge of the panels, it is essential to consider how the pattern will present. Which color should be displayed at the border, and should the full width be present when a striped fabric is used.
Lining: Insulation and light blocking can be achieved with lining. For aesthetic purposes, light-blocking natural light will help not let the drapery take a yellow cast. The drape will display better with lining.
Decorative lining: By complementing or contrasting, a decorative lining can add to the design of the primary fabric. The lining faces the window, and it will give a bolder hue which may or may not be desired, so be strategic about the color.
Interlining: the front fabric and the rear lining will have an additional layer so in between them. The facing fabric looks better by helping the curtain drain and can ensure opacity. The drapery weighs more and has more thickness than the inner lining.
Blackout lining: in bedrooms and home theaters, it is a must to have complete white blocking.
Unlined: admits more daylight for a more casual look.
Under-drapes: sheer or semi-transparent fabric in a woven pattern are for simple casement curtains.
Fullness: a drapery panel’s fullness depends on the width of the panel concerning the distance when it’s closed. Generally, the range is 2 to 3 times the span. Foreigners depend on the style of this pleat: pinch pleat, french, pencil, box, inverted, smoking.
Top Treatments: a method to balance the panel’s design is by adding a delicate balance or stiff cornice. A covering curtain rod can finish the drapery, and the panel fabric should coordinate with a valance.
Valance: the elaborate detailing may be more of them the curtain panels: ribbons, rosettes, bows, cards, fancy pleading; this is the most common type of treatment.
Swag, Jabot, Cascade_ across the top of the window, these loose treatments extend wrapping around the curtain rod and drapes down the sides.
The cornice is visually greater than a soft valance and has more architectural presence; this pattern plywood or solid wood form is sheathed in fabric.
Pelmet: similar to cornice and a valance, this element is soft but firm with jute padding.
Lambrequin: The U-shaped treatment is stiff and attached to the window’s top and sides of the frame.
Edge Treatment: the leading edge of a drapery panel is often embellished; by adding whimsy and some geometric elements by using trims such as welting and braids.
Rod versus Track: Hidden tracks or rods can be used to hang curtains.
Operation: fix draperies or more decorative if they are designed to stay open, not pulled shut. Secondary treatment is added to control light and privacy. A chain or motorized controls are used to operate curtain rods using cords.
Hanging Style: panels can be held to the side and gathered or hung straight. Panels have a crisper look when they hang straight; this is the preferred method for operable curtains. Tableau style, holdback, tieback, rings, loops
Fullness: Fullness for gathered curtains is the width of the curtain panel, not the distance the panel intends to occupy or span.
Curtain Length: the length of curtains can be hard to determine for the appropriate size. Curtains can look unfinished if too short of panels. Curtains can feel outdated if overly too long.
Sill Height: if there is architectural interruption below the sill, then stopping at the sill is the appropriate length.
Apron height: An awkward window can be given a little grace by extending the side drapery panels just past the sill.
Above the floor: the draperies will look under-scaled, generally not advised, but some situations will demand this. The standard height is about the floor is 3 inches above the floor.
Break: just touching the floor when curtains are too long at the floor.
Puddle: the panel length requires an extra 2 inches of fabric, be sure to use reflective or smooth materials. This method gives the space that little bit of a romantic mood.
B. Shades
Shows are a good choice for privacy and light control; they provide thermal insulation. Shades, as well as decorations, can be practical. They can create a single treatment for a window or be used in conjunction with drapes. Shades can be laminated for blackout lining, customized with flat ribbons and tassel pulls, or used unlined to filter sunlight.
Plane shades have a simple, tailored, flat surface. Where the shade has raised, they allow plenty of light and a great view.
Gathered shades: They are more decorative and fuller than plane shades. They provide a more formal look and require more fabric. They are mounted outside the window frame to cover the frame and a window.
Lining: shades can gather, raise, and lower a lightweight fabric with cords. Structural integrity is very little since it’s only a piece of cloth. The standard options are simple cotton sateen or thin cotton, allowing light to filter. Flannel and vinyl are the other options for the lining.
Edge Treatment: design opportunities can be at the shade edges. Ribbons, tape, or trims can be added to the sides and the shades on the bottom. A good accent for Roman shade is a flat ribbon about 4 inches from all edges.
Top treatment: to give a finished look and to hide the track and mounting devices, plain shades are sometimes topped by a small 4-inch cornice.
Operation: Shades can be raised or lowered by motorized controls or hand.
C. Blinds
Blinds are manufactured with metal, wood, or plastic with operable slats (call vans); they control vertical or horizontal movement. The blinds control light, privacy, and ventilation; a wand is used to angle the vanes. With interiors that require more neutral colors, then neutral blinds are better than full colored and patterns.
Wooden and Venetian blinds have a solid decorative even architectural appearance; traditionally, they have two-inch slats and a horizontal look. Standard wood colors, such as pine, cherry, and oak, are used for wooden blinds.
D. Shutters
Hinged vertical panels or like doors, usually made of wood and often louvered, cover the window to block light. When the shutter is open, they touch the adjacent wall surface.
Window Treatment considerations
Design questions:
- The top frame of the window to the ceiling is what distance? The exact size and the heights below the window to the floor?
- On each side of the window, how much wall space is needed?
- What is the operation of the window or door?
- Do any of the handles or cranks extend into the room?
- Is the window flush to the wall or inset into the wall?
- Does the window have a window sill?
- Is the window above a radiator or heat pump?
- Are there any baseboards, HVAC vents, or equipment in the way?
- Will the drapery operation affect the window operation?
Multiple window format: some rooms have different size windows. A good challenge is how to unify the appearance of the windows with window treatments. This project can be accomplished using the same fabric, hardware, trim, and a similar window treatment design and fabrication method.
Large radiator: have the window treatment fall to the bottom of the sill, or panels fall to either side of the radiator.
Windows adjacent: using a single shade ( or pair), treating the pair of windows as one to cover the surface. Use a single valance or only drapery panels.
Bay window: a recessed bay window usually requires a shade or blind.
Small window Room: make the window look taller and broader by mounting the draperies higher and more comprehensive than the actual window.
Total darkness: draperies and blinds should be installed beyond the window frame with black-out shades or panels.
Poor view: use blinds or sheer drapery.
Arched window: use and insert gathered curtain.
Modern room: use solid color simple rod draperies, blinds, or shades of neutral color.
Sliding glass wall: use one type of fabric for the panels, and hang them recess or surface mounted.
French doors: attached to the door panels, gathered curtains on fixed rods.
Expansive Long windows use multiple shades.
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13. Soft Floor Coverings
Fundamental building block for many interiors.
Wall-to-wall carpet:
Can unity a space, warms the environment, and improves acoustics.
Reinforces the space personality with color, pattern, and texture.
Area Rugs:
Standard size: 3×5, 6×8, 8×10, 9×12, 10×12
Customs: any size can be made of (Broad Loop) Carpet and then bound.
Wall-to-Wall carpet:
Width: usually 12 feet, but 13.6 ft. and 15 ft. are available in certain styles.
Installation-First seamed to fit space, then stretched-in over pad or glue directly to the floor.
Carpet Tile:
Installation: The standard size is 18 to 20 inches square, then installed with pressure-sensitive adhesive.
Pad: is already attached to the back of the carpet
Design Considerations:
Materials
Natural: wool, silk, linen, cotton, jute, sisal, sea grass, leather, cowhides, viscose, and bamboo
Synthetic: nylon, olefin, and polyester.
Construction
Woven: They are made on a loom using a specific weave direction. The woven look has artistic merit, which creates a more casual feel. Flooring will not lay completely flat or perfectly square, and the rug’s ends are bound.
Tufted: fibers are punched into a jute or canvas backing, stabilizing the rug, and then backed with jute, latex, or foam.
Loop carpet: the side of the yard creates the rug’s surface because both ends of the yarn adhere to the backing.
Cut pile: one side of the yarn has adhered to the backing while the other side of the yard creates the surface.
Shearing: cuts the looped surface
Cut and loop pile: a combination of loop and shearing
Pile Density; the amount of yarn in the face of the carpet
Pile height: Long pile heights will fall over and be crushed
Hand Knotted: woven in linear rows, labor-intensive
Needlepoint: very expensive and labor-intensive
Coloration and Dyeing
Vegetable dyeing: usually use four natural yarns
Solution dyeing: for synthetic yards
Rug Customization
Lead time: 30 days to 6 months
Cost: expensive
Material: wool, silk, wool-silk blend, and nylon
Installation
Seams: carpet is directional and must be installed in the same direction. Hot melt tape is under the carpet on the seams.
Padding: rubber, urethane foam, synthetic nylon
Stairway
Waterfall; carpet pile direction falls down the steps, then to the base of the step
Hollywood: carpet is tacked under the stair tread and then down to the base of the step.
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14. Lighting
The lighting plan influences the space’s ambiance, atmosphere, and emotion, and the right plan can create excitement, richness, mystery, or calmness. The program should call for a mix of ambient lighting for overhead use and task and accent lighting for particular areas.
Lighting types
Ambient: gives overall lighting from above (overhead)
Task: more controlled and focused Lighting ( hanging)
Accent: feature lighting on an item or architecture
Lighting Areas:
Indirect areas: ceiling coves, reflective light, and wall washing, adding light to the room’s boundaries.
Direct Lighting: accent light and task light, sense intimacy and coziness
Focal Point lighting: develops a point of interest
Fixtures
Every space should have a blend of different light sources.
Architectural Lighting: exposed (Track) or concealed (recessed) lighting will depend on the structure and design.
Ceiling Fixtures: chandeliers and pendants lights or surface-mounted flush lights
Wall Sconces: Wall-mounted fixtures
Floor and table lamps: provide both ambiance and task light
Design considerations
Finishes: painted, usually white, black, or bronze; silver, chrome, nickel, gold
Focal Points: each room has a different focal point. What does the homeowner want to emphasize? Does a seating group need light? Does a reading nook need a light?
Dimmability: dimmability allows for greater flexibility
Installation
Channeling: Solutions for going through the concrete slab or recessed ceilings
Junction box: the place where the wiring comes together or where a fixture, switch, or plug is added.
Light Lamps/LampDetails
LED_Low energy/ Low maintenance with bright white light, Long use, warm 2400——-cool 6500
Fluorescent: Not good color, Long use, Warm 2800 ——cool 4500
Incandescent: Warm light, Short use, Warm 2700 —-cool 2900
Halogen: Good light. Moderate use.
Key Lighting considerations
Proper height and location are critical to the use of the space.
Sconce: approximately, mounting height about 60-72 inches
Chandelier: approximately inched above a dining table or 84 inches above a floor
Pendant: approximately 24-30 inches above kitchen cabinets
Reading: approximately 18 inches above the surface
Footpath: approximately 12 inches above the floor
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15. Art and Accessories
Art
Location: hang on walls, above sofa, above the dining credenza, odd corner of a room, hallway, stairway
Installation: hanging with picture hooks, set on shelves, leaned against the wall,
Framing: matt, color, size, style
Arrangement: with the top edge of the picture, random
Free-form Composition: use template
Backdrop: neutral wall, dark hue, a light hue
Accessories
What to use
Use to add color to neutral space.
Use to scale and shape the areas.
Use to add a sense of intimacy to an ample space or item.
Use to help finish to complete design look.
Use to enhance to design function.
Use a combination of NEW and existing items.
Use items to add varying scales and sizes.
Use some LARGER scale items: Boxes, Bowls, Books, Glassware, etc.
Where to find them
Client’s storage areas: closets, attics, cabinets, etc.
Stores: antique shops, re-purpose stores, used items shops, garage sales, etc.
Stores: Department stores, specialty shops, etc.
Parents/friends: their attics, cabinets, closets, etc.
Where to put
Cabinets: kitchen, baths, furniture cabinets with open shelves,
Countertop: kitchen, vanity top, etc.
Tabletop: dining table, end table, coffee table, accent, etc.
Buffet, console: dining room, etc.
Dresser: bedroom, etc.,
Chest-of-Drawers: bedroom, living room, etc.
Shelving: Kitchen, Family, etc.
Nightstand: bedroom.
Desks: office, etc.
Fireplace: mantel, hearth, etc.
How to Arrange them
Elevation changes: setting or placing items to different heights
Symmetry and pairs: balanced or correct or pleasing proportion of the parts
Color balance: a distribution of colors resulting in a feeling
Telescoping: viewing of the space through multiple rooms
Positive/negative space: space with elements or items and space with nothing
Rules of Three: Asymmetry with 3 items
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16. Human factors and Universal Design
1. Anthropometry
This method is the basic understanding of the human body, including its capabilities and limitations.
It is beneficial in space design and planning for space with functions and activities.
Structural Anthropometry
Many dimensions related to the human body:
Vertical body height
Eye height
Sitting height
Body width
Functional Anthropometry
The vertical reach of their body
The side-arm reach of the body
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17. Ergonomic and Universal design
Universal design is inclusive and equitable, meeting the needs of a significant number of people and a variety of people.
Seven principles of universal design:
Equitable use
Design is valuable and sellable to people with various abilities.
Flexibility in use
The design adapts a broad spectrum of individual choices and abilities.
Simple and intuitive use
Design is uncomplicated to comprehend.
Nevertheless, of the user’s knowledge, ability, language aptitudes, or current attention level.
Perceptible information
Design displays necessary information actually to the user.
Nevertheless, of ambient circumstances, the users’ sensory abilities.
Tolerance for error
Design lessens hazards and the adverse outcomes of accidental or unintentional actions.
Low physical effort
Design can be utilized efficiently, quickly, and with a low amount of fatigue.
Space and size
Design for approach and use appropriate size and space.
Use the approach to reach, manipulate, and use, regardless of the user’s body size, posture, or mobility.
Terms used for the universal design:
Lifespan design
Design for the transformations that may materialize in the lifespan of household people.
Trans-generational design
Acknowledges and supports multiple generations of users.
Barrier-free design
Remove barriers in the environment from the user.
Accessible design
The lowest level of design is required to adapt to people with disabilities.
Adaptable design
Characteristics that are either adjustable or capable of being effortlessly added or removed to adjust to an individual’s needs or preferences
Visit ability
Basic accommodations that will allow people of different abilities to visit our home
Flex housing
Design that is incorporated at the construction stage
Universal design myths:
Myth one: universal design is nothing more than a design for people in wheelchairs
Myth two: universal design only helps people with disabilities and older people
Myth three universal design costs more than traditional design
Myth four: universal design is stigmatizing because it looks like medical
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18. Infrastructure Considerations and Issues
Floor
Weight of Oversized appliances: for washers, dryers, stoves, ranges, and refrigerators.
Underneath the primary floor may need more support for stability with 2×12 planks.
Stability and Un-even Floors: noise and smooth floor are required, may have to use underpayment to level.
Moist Control:vapor deterrents are needed to shield the floor
All Walls
//Load-bearing: the main walls that reinforce the roof in the upper stories of your house.
Uneven or level walls and out-of-square ceilings and walls: over the years, walls crack, a tile falls off, and old remodeling projects weren’t completed accurately.//
Insulation: within exterior walls are insulated for less heat transfer, while interior walls are insulated for sound control
Doors
Styles: cased openings for doors, open doorway, exterior sliding door, indoor accordion door, folding doors, interior pocket door, front exterior door, swing door, standard interior door
Considerations: energy efficient factors, sturdy doors, quality materials, and paintable or stainable surface.
Windows
Styles: Single framed or double hung windows, casement windows, hopper windows, awning windows, single and double sliding windows, glass block windows.
Operational: Windows could be fixed or operated.
Security: security safety glass and security locks.
Privacy: tinted safety windows, secure blinds, window blackout treatments.
Cost: actual materials, total size, quality type of construction, and use of energy-efficient ideas.
Plumbing Fixtures:
Re-use existing: vintage and antique and nearly new or slightly used fixtures; just plain clean and everyday use.
New: inspect to notice if the plumbing junctions will work
Water Access Considerations:
Locate: to cut construction expenses, try to locate the kitchen close to bathrooms and laundry to take benefit of plumbing pipes.
Flexible pipes: require some unique connections
Central shut-off: makes it easier if some issue arrives
Supply lines: water lines to refrigerators, coffee pots, and dishwashers
Outdoor items: make sure it’s protected from cold and hot weather
Drain Pipes:
Code requirements: minimum wide for stack and vent pipes
Sinks: will need vent pipes
Sewer:
City water: usually, a mainline is in the front or rear of the property
Septic: Size is important; if too small, you will have to not pull in garage disposal emptying may be needed more often
Noise in the house:
Reduce Noise that is Generated
Buffer the sound noise created
Sound-Insulating Construction Methods
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19. Environmental and Sustainable considerations
Sustainable Building Design
Definitions:
Promote healthy places to live and work
Enhance and protect natural ecosystems and biodiversity
Improve air and water quality
Reduce solid waste
Conserve natural resources
Policies and Practices:
Think small, compact, minimalist
Specify environmentally healthy
Low transportation cost to the project
Energy efficient
Water conservative
Energy-efficient light source
Passive solar heat
Energy efficient windows
Standard size materials to reduce waste
Recycle construction and demolition waste
The product that is Recycled
Evaluation Method:
Recycled: Recycling changes materials that would otherwise become waste into valuable resources.
Recyclable: a recyclable material can be collected, separated, or recovered from the solid waste stream and used again or made into other useful products
Degradable: degradable materials will break down and return to nature in a reasonable timeframe after disposal.
Salvaged or reclaimed: generally used to describe materials reused for a similar purpose in a building project.
Re-purposed: using a product, material, or item for a new purpose in a project
*Green Building Programs, Products, and Materials
LEED for Homes
Buildings are designed for:
Lower operating cost and increased asset value
Reduce waste sent to landfills
Conserve all energy and water to be healthier and safer for occupants
Reduce harmful greenhouse gas emissions
Qualify for tax rebates, zoning allowances, and other building incentives in many communities.
NAHB Research Center
There are six area categories:
Lot design, preparation, and development
Resource efficiency
Energy efficiency
Water efficiency
Indoor environmental quality
Operational, maintenance, and building owner education
R-2000
Technical performance standard for:
Energy efficiency
Indoor air tightness quality
Environmental responsibility at home construction
Scientific Certification Systems
Manufacturers and businesses offer a variety of certification programs in multiple areas.
Content
Biodegradability
Chemical emissions
Cradle to Cradle certification
A third-party eco-label assesses product safety for humans and the environment from a lifecycle perspective.
Material health
Material will utilization
Renewable energy use
Water stewardship
Social responsibility
Eco-label
Products that are kinder to the environment.
Certification for wood products
Forest Stewardship Council
American tree farm system
Program for the endorsement force certification
Certified Recycling_ Definitions
Recycled
Recyclable
Degradable
Salvaged or Reclaimed
Repurposed
Energy issues
Requirements for windows, doors, and walls:
U-factors: for windows, skylights, and doors. U-factor requirements a measurement of heat conductivity measurement or thermal transfer information. The lower than U-factor, the more energy-efficient the items are
Solar heat gain coefficient: for windows. A method of the amount of solar energy that passes through the glass.
R-value of insulation: for floors, walls, and ceilings. The R-value calculations for the resistance to heat transfer, and the higher the R-value, the better the product.
Government City Building Codes
Check with local areas
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20. Water Standards for Water Quality
Two types of water quality standards:
Primary drinking water standards
Water is safe to drink or digest
No disease-causing organisms
No toxic chemicals
No radioactive contaminants
Secondary drinking water standards
Water is functional or aesthetic, safe levels :
Chloride, Iron, Magnesium, Sulfur, pH
Water Contaminants
- a) Water hardness
High mineral content: Calcium, Magnesium
- b) iron bacteria
A reddish-brown slime is found in pipes and fixtures.
Usually comes from standing water.
Hard Water Classifications Rating
Grains per Gallon/Milligrams per Liter (mg/L)
or Parts per Million (ppm)
Soft is less than 1.0, and less than 17.1
Slightly Soft, 1.0 – 3.5, 17.1 – 60
Moderately soft, 3.5 – 7.0, 60 – 120
Hard, 7.0 – 10.5, 120 – 180
Very Hard, Over 10.5 , Over 180
Private water systems should be tested for:
Total chloroform bacteria, Nitrate, pH, Total dissolved solids
Water treatment methods
Typical contaminants removed
Activated carbon filtration:
Odors, chlorine, radon, organic chemicals
Anion exchange:
Nitrate, sulfate, arsenic
Chlorination:
Chloroform bacteria, iron, iron bacteria, manganese
Distillation:
Metals, inorganic chemicals, and most contaminants
Neutralizing filtration:
Low pH
Oxidation filtration:
Iron, manganese
Particle or fiber filtration:
Dissolved solids, iron particles
Reverse osmosis:
Metals, inorganic chemicals, and most contaminants
Water softening (cation exchange):
Calcium, magnesium, iron
Water treatment equipment:
Filter
Carbon or charcoal filters treat to taste and odor problems, chlorine residue, organic chemicals, and radon.
Fiber filters or mechanical filters trap particles in the water, such as sand and soil.
Usually, only the cold water line is filtered
Water softeners
Water softeners remove the calcium and magnesium that cause water hardness
Some individuals are interested in the health effects of additional salt in the water
The solution is to only soften the hot water side for baths and cleaning
The solution is a cold water line to the kitchen for drinking water
Iron removal equipment
Iron and magnesium can cause taste, odor, staining, and appearance problems.
Removal can be complex; it depends on the form found in the water
To remove iron: Iron filter, water softener, polyphosphate feeder, chlorinator and filter, or aerator and filter
Treats all water
Neutralizers
Treats low pH or acidic water
Treats all water
Distillation units
Provides nearly pure water by boiling water until it evaporates, then condensing it
Treats cold water in the kitchen
Reverse osmosis unit
Will remove any suspended or dissolved pollutants
Treats cold water in the kitchen
Disinfectant methods
Used to disinfect water safe to drink
All water is treated
A carbon filter may be used to remove the excess Chlorine
Benefits of clean water :
Reduce pollution caused by excessive water in our wastewater system
Healthier natural wetlands
Reduce the need for water and wastewater treatment facilities
Fewer dams to provide water
Reduced energy to treat the water
Gray-water is:
Collecting And using household water from the sinks and washing machines for outside us.
- Air Quality
Source control:
Minimize or prevent air pollution
Control moisture
Control cooking odors and grease
Smoke
Bi-products from gas combustion
Choose products with low VOCs _Volatile Organic Compounds:
Carbon-based compounds
Wood preservatives and finishes
Glues and adhesives
Solvents with a strong smell usually evaporate easily
Renovation hazards :
Demolition dust
Dust into the heated air system
Lead-based paint
Asbestos
Dead animals in walls, etc
Demolition waste
Air Cleaning
Air filter and HVAC
The air filter in the room
Cooking ventilation
Moisture in the Home
Moisture from cooking
Moisture from showers
The solution exhaust fans
Waste
Food waste
It is organic, biodegradable, can be composted, and need not be put in a landfill.
Packaging waste May be separated for recycling if possible
Paper waste, some could be recycled, and some composted it